sort Command

Purpose

Sorts files, merges files that are already sorted, and checks files to determine if they have been sorted.

Syntax

sort [ -A ] [ -b ] [ -c ] [ -d ] [ -f ] [ -i ] [ -m ] [ -n ] [ -r ] [ -u ] [ -o OutFile ] [ -t Character ] [ -T Directory ] [ -y [ Kilobytes ] ] [ -z RecordSize ] [ [ + [ FSkip ] [ .CSkip ] [ b ] [ d ] [ f ] [ i ] [ n ] [ r ] ] [ - [ FSkip ] [ .CSkip ] [ b ] [ d ] [ f ] [ i ] [ n ] [ r ] ] ] ... [ -k KeyDefinition ] ... [ File ... ]

Description

The sort command sorts lines in the files specified by the File parameter and writes the result to standard output. If the File parameter specifies more than one file, the sort command concatenates the files and sorts them as one file. A -(minus sign) in place of a file name specifies standard input. If you do not specify any file names, the command sorts standard input. An output file can be specified with the -o flag.

If no flags are specified, the sort command sorts entire lines of the input file based upon the collation order of the current locale.

Sort Keys

A sort key is a portion of an input line that is specified by a field number and a column number. Fields are parts of input lines that are separated by field separators. The default field separator is a sequence of one or more consecutive blank characters. However, these blank characters are considered to be a part of the following field for sorting purposes. You can specify the -b option to ignore these leading blank characters. A different field separator can be specified using the -t flag. The tab and the space characters are the blank characters in the C and English Language locales.

When using sort keys, the sort command first sorts all lines on the contents of the first sort key. Next, all the lines whose first sort keys are equal are sorted upon the contents of the second sort key, and so on. Sort keys are numbered according to the order they appear on the command line. If two lines sort equally on all sort keys, the entire lines are then compared based upon the collation order in the current locale.

When numbering columns within fields, the blank characters in a default field separator are counted as part of the following field. Field separator characters specified by the -t flag are not counted as parts of fields. Leading blank characters can be ignored using the -b flag.

Sort keys can be defined using the following two methods:

• -k KeyDefinition
• FSkip.CSkip (obsolescent version).

Sort Key Definition Using the -k Flag

The -k KeyDefinition flag uses the following form:

-k [ FStart [ .CStart ] ] [ Modifier ] [ , [ FEnd [ .CEnd ] ][ Modifier ] ]

The sort key includes all characters beginning with the field specified by the FStart variable and the column specified by the CStart variable and ending with the field specified by the FEnd variable and the column specified by the CEnd variable. If Fend is not specified, the last character of the line is assumed. If CEnd is not specified the last character in the FEnd field is assumed. Any field or column number in the KeyDefinition variable may be omitted. The default values are:

If there is any space between the fields, sort considers them as separate fields.

The value of the Modifier variable can be one or more of the letters b, d, f, i, n, or r. The modifiers apply only to the field definition they are attached to and have the same effect as the flag of the same letter. The modifier letter b applies only to the end of the field definition to which it is attached. For example:

-k 3.2b,3r

specifies a sort key beginning in the second nonblank column of the third field and extending to the end of the third field, with the sort on this key to be done in reverse collation order. If the FStart variable and the CStart variable fall beyond the end of the line or after the FEnd variable and the CEnd variable, then the sort key is ignored.

A sort key can also be specified in the following manner:

[+[FSkip1] [.CSkip1] [Modifier] ] [-[FSkip2] [.CSkip2] [Modifier]]

The +FSkip1 variable specifies the number of fields skipped to reach the first field of the sort key and the +CSkip variable specifies the number of columns skipped within that field to reach the first character in the sort key. The -FSkip variable specifies the number of fields skipped to reach the first character after the sort key, and the -CSkip variable specifies the number of columns to skip within that field. Any of the field and column skip counts may be omitted. The defaults are:

The modifiers specified by the Modifier variable are the same as in the -k flag key sort definition.

The field and column numbers specified by +FSkip1.CSkip1 variables are generally one less than the field and column number of the sort key itself because these variables specify how many fields and columns to skip before reaching the sort key. For example:

+2.1b -3r

specifies a sort key beginning in the second nonblank column of the third field and extending to the end of the third field, with the sort on this key to be done in reverse collation order. The statement +2.1b specifies that two fields are skipped and then the leading blanks and one more column are skipped. If the +FSkip1.CSkip1 variables fall beyond the end of the line or after the -FSkip2.CSkip2 variables, then the sort key is ignored.

Note: The maximum number of fields on a line is 32.

Flags

Exit Status

This command returns the following exit values:

Examples

1. To sort the fruits file with the LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, or LANG environment variable set to En_US, enter:

   LANG=En_US sort fruits

   This command sequence displays the contents of the fruits file sorted in ascending lexicographic order. The characters in each column are compared one by one, including spaces, digits, and special characters. For instance, if the fruits file contains the text:

   banana
   orange
   Persimmon
   apple
   %%banana
   apple
   ORANGE

   the sort command displays:

   %%banana
   ORANGE
   Persimmon
   apple
   apple
   banana
   orange

   In the ASCII collating sequence, the % (percent sign) precedes uppercase letters, which precede lowercase letters. If your current locale specifies a character set other than ASCII, your results may be different.
2. To sort in dictionary order, enter:

   sort  -d fruits

   This command sequence sorts and displays the contents of the fruits file, comparing only letters, digits, and spaces. If the fruits file is the same as in example 1, then the sort command displays:

   ORANGE
   Persimmon
   apple
   apple
   %%banana
   banana
   orange

   The -d flag ignores the % (percent sign) character because it is not a letter, digit, or space, placing %%banana with banana.
3. To group lines that contain uppercase and special characters with similar lowercase lines, enter:

   sort  -d -f fruits

   The -d flag ignores special characters and the -f flag ignores differences in case. With the LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, or LANG environment variable set to C, the output for the fruits file becomes:

   apple
   apple
   %%banana
   banana
   ORANGE
   orange
   Persimmon

4. To sort, removing duplicate lines, enter:

   sort  -d  -f  -u fruits

   The -u flag tells the sort command to remove duplicate lines, making each line of the file unique. This command sequence displays:

   apple
   %%banana
   ORANGE
   Persimmon

   Not only is the duplicate apple removed, but banana and ORANGE as well. These are removed because the -d flag ignores the %% special characters and the -f flag ignores differences in case.
5. To sort as in example 4, removing duplicate instances unless capitalized or punctuated differently, enter:

   sort  -u +0  -d -f +0 fruits

   Entering the +0 -d -f does the same type of sort that is done with -d -f in example 3. Then the +0 performs another comparison to distinguish lines that are not identical. This prevents the -u flag from removing them.

   Given the fruits file shown in example 1, the added +0 distinguishes %%banana from banana and ORANGE from orange. However, the two instances of apple are identical, so one of them is deleted.

   apple
   %%banana
   banana
   ORANGE
   orange
   Persimmon

6. To specify the character that separates fields, enter:

   sort  -t: +1 vegetables

   This command sequence sorts the vegetables file, comparing the text that follows the first colon on each line. The +1 tells the sort command to ignore the first field and to compare from the start of the second field to the end of the line. The -t: flag tells the sort command that colons separate fields. If vegetables contains:

   yams:104
   turnips:8
   potatoes:15
   carrots:104
   green beans:32
   radishes:5
   lettuce:15

   Then, with the LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, or LANG environment variable set to C, the sort command displays:

   carrots:104
   yams:104
   lettuce:15
   potatoes:15
   green beans:32
   radishes:5
   turnips:8

   Note that the numbers are not in numeric order. This happened when a lexicographic sort compares each character from left to right. In other words, 3 comes before 5, so 32 comes before 5.
7. To sort numbers, enter:

   sort  -t: +1  -n vegetables

   This command sequence sorts the vegetables file numerically on the second field. If the vegetables file is the same as in example 6, then the sort command displays:

   radishes:5
   turnips:8
   lettuce:15
   potatoes:15
   green beans:32
   carrots:104
   yams:104

8. To sort more than one field, enter:

   sort  -t: +1 -2  -n +0 -1  -r vegetables

   OR

   sort  -t:  -k2,2 n -k1,1 r vegetables

   This command sequence performs a numeric sort on the second field (+1 -2 -n). Within that ordering, it sorts the first field in reverse alphabetic order (+0 -1 -r). With the LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, or LANG environment variable set to C, the output looks like this:

   radishes:5
   turnips:8
   potatoes:15
   lettuce:15
   green beans:32
   yams:104
   carrots:104

   The command sorts the lines in numeric order. When two lines have the same number, they appear in reverse alphabetic order.
9. To replace the original file with the sorted text, enter:

   sort  -o vegetables vegetables

   This command sequence stores the sorted output into the vegetables file (-o vegetables).

Files