QSORT(3) | Library Functions Manual | QSORT(3) |
void
qsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
int
heapsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
int
mergesort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
The qsort() and heapsort() functions sort an array of nmemb objects, the initial member of which is pointed to by base. The size of each object is specified by size. mergesort() behaves similarly, but requires that size be greater than “sizeof(void *) / 2”.
The contents of the array base are sorted in ascending order according to a comparison function pointed to by compar, which requires two arguments pointing to the objects being compared.
The comparison function must return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the first argument is considered to be respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the second.
The functions qsort() and heapsort() are not stable, that is, if two members compare as equal, their order in the sorted array is undefined. The function mergesort() is stable.
The qsort() function is an implementation of C.A.R. Hoare's ``quicksort'' algorithm, a variant of partition-exchange sorting; in particular, see D.E. Knuth's Algorithm Q. qsort() takes O N lg N average time. This implementation uses median selection to avoid its O N**2 worst-case behavior.
The heapsort() function is an implementation of J.W.J. William's ``heapsort'' algorithm, a variant of selection sorting; in particular, see D.E. Knuth's Algorithm H. heapsort() takes O N lg N worst-case time. Its only advantage over qsort() is that it uses almost no additional memory; while qsort() does not allocate memory, it is implemented using recursion.
The function mergesort() requires additional memory of size nmemb * size bytes; it should be used only when space is not at a premium. mergesort() is optimized for data with pre-existing order; its worst case time is O N lg N; its best case is O N.
Normally, qsort() is faster than mergesort() is faster than heapsort(). Memory availability and pre-existing order in the data can make this untrue.
Upon successful completion, heapsort() and mergesort() return 0. Otherwise, they return -1 and the global variable errno is set to indicate the error.
Hoare, C.A.R., Quicksort, The Computer Journal, 5:1, pp. 10-15, 1962.
Williams, J.W.J, Heapsort, Communications of the ACM, 7:1, pp. 347-348, 1964.
Knuth, D.E., Sorting and Searching, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 3, pp. 114-123, 145-149, 1968.
McIlroy, P.M., Optimistic Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp. 467-474, 1993.
Bentley, J.L. and McIlroy, M.D., Engineering a Sort Function, Software-Practice and Experience, Vol. 23, pp. 1249-1265, 1993.
June 4, 1993 | NetBSD 6.1 |