NAME

scanf, fscanf, sscanf, vscanf, vsscanf, vfscanf — input format conversion

LIBRARY

Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS

#include <stdio.h>

int
scanf(const char * restrict format, ...);

int
fscanf(FILE * restrict stream, const char * restrict format, ...);

int
sscanf(const char * restrict str, const char * restrict format, ...);

#include <stdarg.h>

int
vscanf(const char * restrict format, va_list ap);

int
vsscanf(const char * restrict str, const char * restrict format, va_list ap);

int
vfscanf(FILE * restrict stream, const char * restrict format, va_list ap);

DESCRIPTION

The scanf() family of functions scans input according to a format as described below. This format may contain conversion specifiers; the results from such conversions, if any, are stored through the pointer arguments.

The scanf() function reads input from the standard input stream stdin, fscanf() reads input from the stream pointer stream, and sscanf() reads its input from the character string pointed to by str. The vfscanf() function is analogous to vfprintf(3) and reads input from the stream pointer stream using a variable argument list of pointers (see stdarg(3)). The vscanf() function scans a variable argument list from the standard input and the vsscanf() function scans it from a string; these are analogous to the vprintf() and vsprintf() functions respectively.

Each successive pointer argument must correspond properly with each successive conversion specifier (but see `suppression' below). All conversions are introduced by the % (percent sign) character. The format string may also contain other characters. White space (such as blanks, tabs, or newlines) in the format string match any amount of white space, including none, in the input. Everything else matches only itself. Scanning stops when an input character does not match such a format character. Scanning also stops when an input conversion cannot be made (see below).

CONVERSIONS

Following the % character introducing a conversion there may be a number of flag characters, as follows:

In addition to these flags, there may be an optional maximum field width, expressed as a decimal integer, between the % and the conversion. If no width is given, a default of `infinity' is used (with one exception, below); otherwise at most this many characters are scanned in processing the conversion. Before conversion begins, most conversions skip white space; this white space is not counted against the field width.

The following conversions are available:

%: Matches a literal `%'. That is, `%%' in the format string matches a single input `%' character. No conversion is done, and assignment does not occur.
d: Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to int.
D: Equivalent to ld; this exists only for backwards compatibility.
i: Matches an optionally signed integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to int. The integer is read in base 16 if it begins with ‘0x' or ‘0X', in base 8 if it begins with ‘0', and in base 10 otherwise. Only characters that correspond to the base are used.
o: Matches an octal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to unsigned int.
O: Equivalent to lo; this exists for backwards compatibility.
u: Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to unsigned int.
x: Matches an optionally signed hexadecimal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to unsigned int.
X: Equivalent to x.
f: Matches an optionally signed floating-point number; the next pointer must be a pointer to float.
e: Equivalent to f.
g: Equivalent to f.
E: Equivalent to f.
G: Equivalent to f.
s: Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters; the next pointer must be a pointer to char, and the array must be large enough to accept all the sequence and the terminating NUL character. The input string stops at white space or at the maximum field width, whichever occurs first.
c: Matches a sequence of width count characters (default 1); the next pointer must be a pointer to char, and there must be enough room for all the characters (no terminating NUL is added). The usual skip of leading white space is suppressed. To skip white space first, use an explicit space in the format.
[: Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the specified set of accepted characters; the next pointer must be a pointer to char, and there must be enough room for all the characters in the string, plus a terminating NUL character. The usual skip of leading white space is suppressed. The string is to be made up of characters in (or not in) a particular set; the set is defined by the characters between the open bracket [ character and a close bracket ] character. The set excludes those characters if the first character after the open bracket is a circumflex ^. To include a close bracket in the set, make it the first character after the open bracket or the circumflex; any other position will end the set. The hyphen character - is also special; when placed between two other characters, it adds all intervening characters to the set. To include a hyphen, make it the last character before the final close bracket. For instance, ‘[^]0-9-]' means the set `everything except close bracket, zero through nine, and hyphen'. The string ends with the appearance of a character not in the (or, with a circumflex, in) set or when the field width runs out.
p: Matches a pointer value (as printed by ‘%p' in printf(3)); the next pointer must be a pointer to void.
n: Nothing is expected; instead, the number of characters consumed thus far from the input is stored through the next pointer, which must be a pointer to int. This is not a conversion, although it can be suppressed with the * flag.

For backwards compatibility, other conversion characters (except ‘\0') are taken as if they were ‘%d' or, if uppercase, ‘%ld', and a `conversion' of ‘%\0' causes an immediate return of EOF.

The format string specifier macros described in inttypes(3) should be used for the standard “C99” fixed-size integers documented in stdint(3).

RETURN VALUES

These functions return the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even zero, in the event of a matching failure. Zero indicates that, while there was input available, no conversions were assigned; typically this is due to an invalid input character, such as an alphabetic character for a ‘%d' conversion. The value EOF is returned if an input failure occurs before any conversion such as an end-of-file occurs. If an error or end-of-file occurs after conversion has begun, the number of conversions which were successfully completed is returned.

STANDARDS

The functions fscanf(), scanf(), and sscanf() conform to ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (“ISO C90”). The %j, %t and %z conversion format modifiers conform to ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (“ISO C99”). The vfscanf(), vscanf() and vsscanf() functions conform to ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (“ISO C99”).

HISTORY

The functions vscanf(), vsscanf() and vfscanf() appeared in 4.4BSD or even 4.3BSD.

NOTES

All of the backwards compatibility formats will be removed in the future.

BUGS

Numerical strings are truncated to 512 characters; for example, %f and %d are implicitly %512f and %512d.