write, writex, write64x, writev, writevx, ewrite, ewritev, pwrite, or pwritev Subroutine

Purpose

Writes to a file.

Library

Syntax

#include <unistd.h>

ssize_t write (FileDescriptor, Buffer, NBytes)
int  FileDescriptor;
const void * Buffer;
size_t  NBytes;

int writex (FileDescriptor, Buffer, NBytes, Extension)
int FileDescriptor;
char *Buffer;
unsigned int NBytes;
int  Extension;

int write64x (FileDescriptor, Buffer, NBytes, Extension)
int FileDescriptor;
void *Buffer;
size_t NBytes;
void *Extension;

ssize_t pwrite (FileDescriptor, Buffer, NBytes, Offset)
int  FileDescriptor;
const void * Buffer;
size_t  NBytes;
off_t Offset;

#include <sys/uio.h>

ssize_t writev (FileDescriptor, iov, iovCount)
int FileDescriptor;
const struct iovec *  iov;
int  iovCount;

ssize_t writevx (FileDescriptor, iov, iovCount, Extension)
int FileDescriptor;
struct iovec *iov;
int iovCount;
int  Extension;

#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>

ssize_t pwritev ( 
int  FileDescriptor,
const struct iovec * iov,
int iovCount,
offset_t offset);

ssize_t ewrite (FileDescriptor, Buffer, Nbytes,  labels)
int  FileDescriptor;
const void * Buffer;
size_t  NBytes;
sec_labels_t * labels;

ssize_t ewritev (FileDescriptor, iov, iovCount,labels)
int FileDescriptor;
const struct iovec * iov;
int  iovCount;
sec_labels_t * labels;

Description

The write subroutine attempts to write the number of bytes of data specified by the NBytes parameter to the file associated with the FileDescriptor parameter from the buffer pointed to by the Buffer parameter.

The writev subroutine performs the same action but gathers the output data from the iovCount buffers specified by the array of iovec structures pointed to by the iov parameter. Each iovec entry specifies the base address and length of an area in memory from which data should be written. The writev subroutine always writes a complete area before proceeding to the next.

The writex and writevx subroutines are the same as the write and writev subroutines, respectively, with the addition of an Extension parameter, which is used when writing to some device drivers.

With regular files and devices capable of seeking, the actual writing of data proceeds from the position in the file indicated by the file pointer. Upon return from the write subroutine, the file pointer increments by the number of bytes actually written.

With devices incapable of seeking, writing always takes place starting at the current position. The value of a file pointer associated with such a device is undefined.

If a write requests that more bytes be written than there is room for (for example, the ulimit or the physical end of a medium), only as many bytes as there is room for will be written. For example, suppose there is space for 20 bytes more in a file before reaching a limit. A write of 512 bytes will return 20. The next write of a non-zero number of bytes will give a failure return (except as noted below) and the implementation will generate a SIGXFSZ signal for the thread.

Fewer bytes can be written than requested if there is not enough room to satisfy the request. In this case the number of bytes written is returned. The next attempt to write a nonzero number of bytes is unsuccessful (except as noted in the following text). The limit reached can be either that set by the ulimit subroutine or the end of the physical medium.

Successful completion of a write subroutine clears the SetUserID bit (S_ISUID) of a file if all of the following are true:

• The calling process does not have root user authority.
• The effective user ID of the calling process does not match the user ID of the file.
• The file is executable by the group (S_IXGRP) or other (S_IXOTH).

The write subroutine clears the SetGroupID bit (S_ISGID) if all of the following are true:

• The calling process does not have root user authority.
• The group ID of the file does not match the effective group ID or one of the supplementary group IDs of the process.
• The file is executable by the owner (S_IXUSR) or others (S_IXOTH).

If the O_APPEND flag of the file status is set, the file offset is set to the end of the file prior to each write.

If the FileDescriptor parameter refers to a regular file whose file status flags specify O_SYNC, this is a synchronous update (as described in the open subroutine).

If the FileDescriptor parameter refers to a regular file that a process has opened with the O_DEFER file status flag set, the data and file size are not updated on permanent storage until a process issues an fsync subroutine or performs a synchronous update. If all processes that have the file open with the O_DEFER file status flag set close the file before a process issues an fsync subroutine or performs a synchronous update, the data and file size are not updated on permanent storage.

Write requests to a pipe (or first-in-first-out (FIFO)) are handled the same as a regular file with the following exceptions:

• There is no file offset associated with a pipe; hence, each write request appends to the end of the pipe.
• If the size of the write request is less than or equal to the value of the PIPE_BUF system variable (described in the pathconf routine), the write subroutine is guaranteed to be atomic. The data is not interleaved with data from other write processes on the same pipe. Writes of greater than PIPE_BUF bytes can have data interleaved, on arbitrary boundaries, with writes by other processes, whether or not the O_NDELAY or O_NONBLOCK file status flags are set.
• If the O_NDELAY and O_NONBLOCK file status flags are clear (the default), a write request to a full pipe causes the process to block until enough space becomes available to handle the entire request.
• If the O_NDELAY file status flag is set, a write to a full pipe returns a 0.
• If the O_NONBLOCK file status flag is set, a write to a full pipe returns a value of -1 and sets the errno global variable to EAGAIN.

When attempting to write to a character special file that supports nonblocking writes and no data can currently be written (streams are an exception described later in this article):

• If the O_NDELAY and O_NONBLOCK flags are clear (the default), the write subroutine blocks until data can be written.
• If the O_NDELAY flag is set, the write subroutine returns 0.
• If the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, the write subroutine returns -1 and sets the errno global variable to EAGAIN if no data can be written.

When attempting to write to a regular file that supports enforcement-mode record locks, and all or part of the region to be written is currently locked by another process, the following can occur:

• If the O_NDELAY and O_NONBLOCK file status flags are clear (the default), the calling process blocks until the lock is released.
• If the O_NDELAY or O_NONBLOCK file status flag is set, then the write subroutine returns a value of -1 and sets the errno global variable to EAGAIN.

If fildes refers to a STREAM, the operation of write is determined by the values of the minimum and maximum nbyte range ("packet size") accepted by the STREAM. These values are determined by the topmost STREAM module. If nbyte falls within the packet size range, nbyte bytes will be written. If nbyte does not fall within the range and the minimum packet size value is 0, write will break the buffer into maximum packet size segments prior to sending the data downstream (the last segment may contain less than the maximum packet size). If nbyte does not fall within the range and the minimum value is non-zero, write will fail with errno set to ERANGE. Writing a zero-length buffer (nbyte is 0) to a STREAMS device sends 0 bytes with 0 returned. However, writing a zero-length buffer to a STREAMS-based pipe or FIFO sends no message and 0 is returned. The process may issue I_SWROPT ioctl to enable zero-length messages to be sent across the pipe or FIFO.

When writing to a STREAM, data messages are created with a priority band of 0. When writing to a STREAM that is not a pipe or FIFO:

• O_NONBLOCK should specify either O_NONBLOCK or O_NDELAY. The IBM® streams implementation treats these two the same.
• If O_NONBLOCK or O_NDELAY is clear, and the STREAM cannot accept data (the STREAM write queue is full due to internal flow control conditions), write will block until data can be accepted.
• If O_NONBLOCK or O_NDELAY is set and the STREAM cannot accept data, write will return -1 and set errno to EAGAIN.
• If O_NONBLOCK or O_NDELAY is set and part of the buffer has been written while a condition in which the STREAM cannot accept additional data occurs, write will terminate and return the number of bytes written.

In addition, write and writev will fail if the STREAM head had processed an asynchronous error before the call. In this case, the value of errno does not reflect the result of write or writev but reflects the prior error.

The writev function is equivalent to write, but gathers the output data from the iovcnt buffers specified by the members of the iov array: iov[0], iov[1], ..., iov[iovcnt - 1]. iovcnt is valid if greater than 0 and less than or equal to {IOV_MAX}, defined in limits.h.

Each iovec entry specifies the base address and length of an area in memory from which data should be written. The writev function will always write a complete area before proceeding to the next.

If fildes refers to a regular file and all of the iov_len members in the array pointed to by iov are 0, writev will return 0 and have no other effect. For other file types, the behavior is unspecified.

If the sum of the iov_len values is greater than SSIZE_MAX, the operation fails and no data is transferred.

The behavior of an interrupted write subroutine depends on how the handler for the arriving signal was installed. The handler can be installed in one of two ways, with the following results:

• If the handler was installed with an indication that subroutines should not be restarted, the write subroutine returns a value of -1 and sets the errno global variable to EINTR (even if some data was already written).
• If the handler was installed with an indication that subroutines should be restarted, and:
  • If no data had been written when the interrupt was handled, the write subroutine will not return a value (it is restarted).
  • If data had been written when the interrupt was handled, this write subroutine returns the amount of data already written.

The write64x subroutine is the same as the writex subroutine, where the Extension parameter is a pointer to a j2_ext structure (see the j2/j2_cntl.h file). The write64x subroutine is used to write an encrypted file in raw mode (see O_RAW in the fcntl.h file). Using the O_RAW flag on encrypted files has the same limitations as using O_DIRECT on regular files.

The ewrite and ewritev subroutines write to a stream and set the security attributes. The ewrite subroutine copies the number of bytes of the data specified by the Nbyte parameter from the buffer pointed to by the Buffer parameter to a stream associated with the FileDescriptor parameter. Security information for the message is set to the values in the structure pointed to by the labels parameter.

The pwrite function performs the same action as write, except that it writes into a given position without changing the file pointer. The first three arguments to pwrite are the same as write with the addition of a fourth argument offset for the desired position inside the file.

ssize_t pwrite64(int fd , const void *buf , size_t nbytes , off64_t offset)

The pwrite64 subroutine performs the same action as pwrite but the limit of offset to the maximum file size for the file associated with the fileDescriptor and DEV_OFF_MAX if the file associated with fileDescriptor is a block special or character special file.

Using the write or pwrite subroutine with a file descriptor obtained from a call to the shm_open subroutine fails with ENXIO.

The pwritev subroutine performs the same action as the writev subroutine, except that the pwritev subroutine writes to the given position in the file without changing the file pointer. The first three arguments of the pwritev subroutine are the same as the writev subroutine with the addition of the offset argument that points to the position that you want inside the file. An error occurs when the file that the pwritev subroutine writes to is incapable of seeking.

Parameters

caddr_t  iov_base;
size_t  iov_len;

Return Values

Upon successful completion, the write, writex, write64x, writev, writevx, and pwritev subroutines return the number of bytes that were actually written. The number of bytes written is never greater than the value specified by the NBytes parameter. Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned and the errno global variable is set to indicate the error.

Upon successful completion, the ewrite and ewritev subroutines return a value of 0. Otherwise, the global variable errno is set to identify the error.

Error Codes

The write, writex, write64x, writev, writevx, ewrite, ewritev, and pwritev subroutines are unsuccessful when one or more of the following are true:

The write, writex, writev, writevx, and pwritev subroutines might be unsuccessful if the following is true: